Harmonic map

 ( Riemannian Geometry ) 

In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a smooth map between Riemannian manifolds is called harmonic if its coordinate representatives satisfy a certain nonlinear partial differential equation. This partial differential equation for a mapping also arises as the Euler-Lagrange equation of a functional called the Dirichlet energy. As such, the theory of harmonic maps contains both the theory of geodesic in Riemannian geometry and the theory of harmonic functions.

Informally, the Dirichlet energy of a mapping from a Riemannian manifold to a Riemannian manifold can be thought of as the total amount that stretches in allocating each of its elements to a point of . For instance, an unstretched rubber band and a smooth stone can both be naturally viewed as Riemannian manifolds. Any way of stretching the rubber band over the stone can be viewed as a mapping between these manifolds, and the total tension involved is represented by the Dirichlet energy. Harmonicity of such a mapping means that, given any hypothetical way of physically deforming the given stretch, the tension (when considered as a function of time) has first derivative equal to zero when the deformation begins.

The theory of harmonic maps was initiated in 1964 by James Eells and Joseph Sampson, who showed that in certain geometric contexts, arbitrary maps could be homotopy into harmonic maps. Their work was the inspiration for Richard Hamilton's initial work on the Ricci flow. Harmonic maps and the associated harmonic map heat flow, in and of themselves, are among the most widely studied topics in the field of geometric analysis.

The discovery of the "bubbling" of sequences of harmonic maps, due to Jonathan Sacks and Karen Uhlenbeck, has been particularly influential, as their analysis has been adapted to many other geometric contexts. Notably, Uhlenbeck's parallel discovery of bubbling of Yang–Mills fields is important in Simon Donaldson's work on four-dimensional manifolds, and Mikhael Gromov's later discovery of bubbling of pseudoholomorphic curves is significant in applications to symplectic geometry and quantum cohomology. The techniques used by Richard Schoen and Uhlenbeck to study the regularity theory of harmonic maps have likewise been the inspiration for the development of many analytic methods in geometric analysis.

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Geometry of mappings between manifolds Here the geometry of a smooth mapping between Riemannian manifolds is considered via local coordinates and, equivalently, via linear algebra. Such a mapping defines both a first fundamental form and second fundamental form. The Laplacian (also called tension field) is defined via the second fundamental form, and its vanishing is the condition for the map to be harmonic. The definitions extend without modification to the setting of pseudo-Riemannian manifolds.

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Local coordinates Let be an Open set of Euclidean space and let be an open subset of . For each and between 1 and , let be a smooth real-valued function on , such that for each in , one has that the matrix is Symmetric matrix and Definite matrix. For each and between 1 and , let be a smooth real-valued function on , such that for each in , one has that the matrix is symmetric and positive-definite. Denote the inverse matrices by and .

For each between 1 and and each between 1 and define the Christoffel symbols and by

$\backslash begin\{align\}$

\Gamma(g)_{ij}^k&=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{\ell=1}^m g^{k\ell}\left(\frac{\partial g_{j\ell}}{\partial x^i}+\frac{\partial g_{i\ell}}{\partial x^j}-\frac{\partial g_{ij}}{\partial x^\ell}\right) \\ \Gamma(h)_{\alpha\beta}^\gamma &= \frac{1}{2}\sum_{\delta=1}^n h^{\gamma\delta}\left(\frac{\partial h_{\beta\delta}}{\partial y^\alpha}+\frac{\partial h_{\alpha\delta}}{\partial y^\beta}-\frac{\partial h_{\alpha\beta}}{\partial y^\delta}\right) \end{align} Given a smooth map from to , its second fundamental form defines for each and between 1 and and for each between 1 and the real-valued function on by

$\backslash nabla(df)\_\{ij\}^\backslash alpha=\backslash frac\{\backslash partial^2f^\backslash alpha\}\{\backslash partial\; x^i\backslash partial\; x^j\}-\backslash sum\_\{k=1\}^m\backslash Gamma(g)\_\{ij\}^k\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; f^\backslash alpha\}\{\backslash partial\; x^k\}+\backslash sum\_\{\backslash beta=1\}^n\backslash sum\_\{\backslash gamma=1\}^n\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; f^\backslash beta\}\{\backslash partial\; x^i\}\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; f^\backslash gamma\}\{\backslash partial\; x^j\}\backslash Gamma(h)\_\{\backslash beta\backslash gamma\}^\backslash alpha\backslash circ\; f.$

Its laplacian defines for each between 1 and the real-valued function on by

$(\backslash Delta\; f)^\backslash alpha=\backslash sum\_\{i=1\}^m\backslash sum\_\{j=1\}^mg^\{ij\}\backslash nabla(df)\_\{ij\}^\backslash alpha.$

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Bundle formalism Let and be Riemannian manifolds. Given a smooth map from to , one can consider its differential as a section of the vector bundle over ; this is to say that for each in , one has a linear map between . The vector bundle has a connection induced from the Levi-Civita connections on and . So one may take the covariant derivative , which is a section of the vector bundle over ; this is to say that for each in , one has a bilinear map of tangent spaces . This section is known as the hessian of .

Using , one may trace the hessian of to arrive at the laplacian of , which is a section of the bundle over ; this says that the laplacian of assigns to each in an element of the tangent space . By the definition of the trace operator, the laplacian may be written as

$(\backslash Delta\; f)\_p=\backslash sum\_\{i=1\}^m\backslash big(\backslash nabla(df)\backslash big)\_p(e\_i,e\_i)$

where is any -orthonormal basis of .

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Dirichlet energy and its variation formulas From the perspective of local coordinates, as given above, the energy density of a mapping is the real-valued function on given by

$\backslash frac\{1\}\{2\}\backslash sum\_\{i=1\}^m\backslash sum\_\{j=1\}^m\backslash sum\_\{\backslash alpha=1\}^n\backslash sum\_\{\backslash beta=1\}^n\; g^\{ij\}\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; f^\backslash alpha\}\{\backslash partial\; x^i\}\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; f^\backslash beta\}\{\backslash partial\; x^j\}\; (h\_\{\backslash alpha\backslash beta\}\backslash circ\; f).$

Alternatively, in the bundle formalism, the Riemannian metrics on and induce a bundle metric on , and so one may define the energy density as the smooth function on . It is also possible to consider the energy density as being given by (half of) the -trace of the first fundamental form. Regardless of the perspective taken, the energy density is a function on which is smooth and nonnegative. If is oriented and is compact, the Dirichlet energy of is defined as

$E(f)=\backslash int\_M\; e(f)\backslash ,d\backslash mu\_g$

where is the volume form on induced by . Since any nonnegative measurable function has a well-defined Lebesgue integral, it is not necessary to place the restriction that is compact; however, then the Dirichlet energy could be infinite.

The variation formulas for the Dirichlet energy compute the derivatives of the Dirichlet energy as the mapping is deformed. To this end, consider a one-parameter family of maps with for which there exists a precompact open set of such that for all ; one supposes that the parametrized family is smooth in the sense that the associated map given by is smooth.

• The first variation formula says that

:$\backslash int\_M\; \backslash frac\{\backslash partial\}\{\backslash partial\; s\}\backslash Big|\_\{s=0\}e(f\_s)\backslash ,d\backslash mu\_g=-\backslash int\_M\; h\backslash left(\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\}\{\backslash partial\; s\}\backslash Big|\_\{s=0\}f\_s,\backslash Delta\; f\backslash right)\backslash ,d\backslash mu\_g$

There is also a version for manifolds with boundary.

• There is also a second variation formula.

Due to the first variation formula, the Laplacian of can be thought of as the gradient of the Dirichlet energy; correspondingly, a harmonic map is a critical point of the Dirichlet energy. This can be done formally in the language of global analysis and .

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Examples of harmonic maps Let and be smooth Riemannian manifolds. The notation is used to refer to the standard Riemannian metric on Euclidean space.

• Every totally geodesic map is harmonic; this follows directly from the above definitions. As special cases:
• For any in , the constant map valued at is harmonic.
• The identity map is harmonic.
• If is an immersion, then is harmonic if and only if is minimal relative to . As a special case:
• If is a constant-speed immersion, then is harmonic if and only if solves the geodesic differential equation.

Recall that if is one-dimensional, then minimality of is equivalent to being geodesic, although this does not imply that it is a constant-speed parametrization, and hence does not imply that solves the geodesic differential equation.

• A smooth map is harmonic if and only if each of its component functions are harmonic as maps . This coincides with the notion of harmonicity provided by the Laplace-Beltrami operator.
• Every holomorphic map between Kähler manifolds is harmonic.
• Every harmonic morphism between Riemannian manifolds is harmonic.

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Harmonic map heat flow

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Well-posedness Let and be smooth Riemannian manifolds. A harmonic map heat flow on an interval assigns to each in a twice-differentiable map in such a way that, for each in , the map given by is differentiable, and its derivative at a given value of is, as a vector in , equal to . This is usually abbreviated as:

$\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\; f\}\{\backslash partial\; t\}=\backslash Delta\; f.$

Eells and Sampson introduced the harmonic map heat flow and proved the following fundamental properties:

• Regularity. Any harmonic map heat flow is smooth as a map given by .

Now suppose that is a closed manifold and is geodesically complete.

• Existence. Given a continuously differentiable map from to , there exists a positive number and a harmonic map heat flow on the interval such that converges to in the topology as decreases to 0.This means that, relative to any local coordinate charts, one has uniform convergence on compact sets of the functions and their first partial derivatives.
• Uniqueness. If and are two harmonic map heat flows as in the existence theorem, then whenever .

As a consequence of the uniqueness theorem, there exists a maximal harmonic map heat flow with initial data , meaning that one has a harmonic map heat flow as in the statement of the existence theorem, and it is uniquely defined under the extra criterion that takes on its maximal possible value, which could be infinite.

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Eells and Sampson's theorem The primary result of Eells and Sampson's 1964 paper is the following:

In particular, this shows that, under the assumptions on and , every continuous map is homotopy to a harmonic map. The very existence of a harmonic map in each homotopy class, which is implicitly being asserted, is part of the result. This is proven by constructing a heat equation, and showing that for any map as initial condition, solution that exists for all time, and the solution uniformly subconverges to a harmonic map.

Eells and Sampson's result was adapted by Richard Hamilton to the setting of the Dirichlet boundary value problem, when is instead compact with nonempty boundary.

Shortly after Eells and Sampson's work, Philip Hartman extended their methods to study uniqueness of harmonic maps within homotopy classes, additionally showing that the convergence in the Eells−Sampson theorem is strong, without the need to select a subsequence. That is, if two maps are initially close, the distance between the corresponding solutions to the heat equation is nonincreasing for all time, thus:

• the set of totally geodesic maps in each homotopy class is path-connected;
• all harmonic maps are energy-minimizing and totally geodesic.

notes that every map from a product $W\; \backslash times\; M$ into $N$ is homotopic to a map, such that the map is totally geodesic when restricted to each $M$-fiber.

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Singularities and weak solutions For many years after Eells and Sampson's work, it was unclear to what extent the sectional curvature assumption on was necessary. Following the work of Kung-Ching Chang, Wei-Yue Ding, and Rugang Ye in 1992, it is widely accepted that the maximal time of existence of a harmonic map heat flow cannot "usually" be expected to be infinite. Their results strongly suggest that there are harmonic map heat flows with "finite-time blowup" even when both and are taken to be the two-dimensional sphere with its standard metric. Since elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations are particularly smooth when the domain is two dimensions, the Chang−Ding−Ye result is considered to be indicative of the general character of the flow.

Modeled upon the fundamental works of Sacks and Uhlenbeck, Michael Struwe considered the case where no geometric assumption on is made. In the case that is two-dimensional, he established the unconditional existence and uniqueness for of the harmonic map heat flow. Moreover, he found that his weak solutions are smooth away from finitely many spacetime points at which the energy density concentrates. On microscopic levels, the flow near these points is modeled by a bubble, i.e. a smooth harmonic map from the round 2-sphere into the target. Weiyue Ding and Gang Tian were able to prove the energy quantization at singular times, meaning that the Dirichlet energy of Struwe's weak solution, at a singular time, drops by exactly the sum of the total Dirichlet energies of the bubbles corresponding to singularities at that time.

Struwe was later able to adapt his methods to higher dimensions, in the case that the domain manifold is Euclidean space; he and Yun Mei Chen also considered higher-dimensional . Their results achieved less than in low dimensions, only being able to prove existence of weak solutions which are smooth on open dense subsets.

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The Bochner formula and rigidity The main computational point in the proof of Eells and Sampson's theorem is an adaptation of the Bochner formula to the setting of a harmonic map heat flow . This formula says

$\backslash Big(\backslash frac\{\backslash partial\}\{\backslash partial\; t\}-\backslash Delta^g\backslash Big)e(f)=-\backslash big|\backslash nabla(df)\backslash big|^2-\backslash big\backslash langle\backslash operatorname\{Ric\}^g,f^\backslash ast\; h\backslash big\backslash rangle\_g+\backslash operatorname\{scal\}^g\backslash big(f^\backslash ast\backslash operatorname\{Rm\}^h\backslash big).$

This is also of interest in analyzing harmonic maps. Suppose is harmonic; any harmonic map can be viewed as a constant-in- solution of the harmonic map heat flow, and so one gets from the above formula that

$\backslash Delta^ge(f)=\backslash big|\backslash nabla(df)\backslash big|^2+\backslash big\backslash langle\backslash operatorname\{Ric\}^g,f^\backslash ast\; h\backslash big\backslash rangle\_g-\backslash operatorname\{scal\}^g\backslash big(f^\backslash ast\backslash operatorname\{Rm\}^h\backslash big).$

If the Ricci curvature of is positive and the sectional curvature of is nonpositive, then this implies that is nonnegative. If is closed, then multiplication by and a single integration by parts shows that must be constant, and hence zero; hence must itself be constant. Richard Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau noted that this reasoning can be extended to noncompact by making use of Yau's theorem asserting that nonnegative subharmonic functions which are Lp space must be constant. In summary, according to these results, one has:

In combination with the Eells−Sampson theorem, this shows (for instance) that if is a closed Riemannian manifold with positive Ricci curvature and is a closed Riemannian manifold with nonpositive sectional curvature, then every continuous map from to is homotopic to a constant.

The general idea of deforming a general map to a harmonic map, and then showing that any such harmonic map must automatically be of a highly restricted class, has found many applications. For instance, Yum-Tong Siu found an important complex-analytic version of the Bochner formula, asserting that a harmonic map between Kähler manifolds must be holomorphic, provided that the target manifold has appropriately negative curvature. As an application, by making use of the Eells−Sampson existence theorem for harmonic maps, he was able to show that if and are smooth and closed Kähler manifolds, and if the curvature of is appropriately negative, then and must be biholomorphic or anti-biholomorphic if they are homotopic to each other; the biholomorphism (or anti-biholomorphism) is precisely the harmonic map produced as the limit of the harmonic map heat flow with initial data given by the homotopy. By an alternative formulation of the same approach, Siu was able to prove a variant of the still-unsolved Hodge conjecture, albeit in the restricted context of negative curvature.

Kevin Corlette found a significant extension of Siu's Bochner formula, and used it to prove new superrigidity for lattices in certain . Following this, Mikhael Gromov and Richard Schoen extended much of the theory of harmonic maps to allow to be replaced by a metric space. By an extension of the Eells−Sampson theorem together with an extension of the Siu–Corlette Bochner formula, they were able to prove new rigidity theorems for lattices.

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Problems and applications

• Existence results on harmonic maps between manifolds has consequences for their curvature.
• Once existence is known, how can a harmonic map be constructed explicitly? (One fruitful method uses twistor theory.)
• In theoretical physics, a quantum field theory whose action is given by the Dirichlet energy is known as a sigma model. In such a theory, harmonic maps correspond to instantons.
• One of the original ideas in grid generation methods for computational fluid dynamics and computational physics was to use either conformal or harmonic mapping to generate regular grids.

A map $u:\; M\; \backslash rightarrow\; N$ between Riemannian manifolds is totally geodesic if, whenever $\backslash gamma\; :\; (a,\; b)\; \backslash rightarrow\; M$ is a geodesic, the composition $u\; \backslash circ\; \backslash gamma$ is a geodesic.

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Harmonic maps between metric spaces The energy integral can be formulated in a weaker setting for functions between two . The energy integrand is instead a function of the form

$e\_\backslash epsilon(u)(x)\; =\; \backslash frac\{\backslash int\_M\; d^2(u(x),u(y))\backslash ,d\backslash mu^\backslash epsilon\_x(y)\}\{\backslash int\_M\; d^2(x,y)\backslash ,d\backslash mu^\backslash epsilon\_x(y)\}$

in which μ is a family of measures attached to each point of M.

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See also

• Geometric flow

Footnotes

Articles

Books and surveys

• (1998). 9783540607526, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783540607526
• (1983). 9780821807002, American Mathematical Society. ISBN 9780821807002
• (1995). 9789810214661, World Scientific. ISBN 9789810214661
  Consists of reprints of:
• (2026). 9788876424427, Edizioni della Normale. ISBN 9788876424427
• Richard S. Hamilton (1975). 9783540071853, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783540071853
• (2026). 9780521811606, Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 9780521811606
• (1997). 9783764357368, Birkhäuser Verlag. ISBN 9783764357368
• (2026). 9783319618593, Springer, Cham. ISBN 9783319618593
• (2026). 9789812779526, World Scientific. ISBN 9789812779526
• (1997). 9781571460028, International Press. ISBN 9781571460028
• (1996). 376435397X, Birkhäuser Verlag. 376435397X

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External links

• MathWorld: Harmonic map
• Harmonic Maps Bibliography
• The Bibliography of Harmonic Morphisms

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